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NOTEBOOK QUESTIONS ANS ANSWERS
Std 10
History- The rise of Nationalism in Europe
Q1.What happened in 1848 revolution in France ?
Answer:
Louis Philippe was forced to flee and
National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.
Suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21.
Right to work was guaranteed. National workshops to provide employment were set up.
Q2. Who was Frederic Sorrieu ? Describe main features of the first print prepared by him in 1848 ?
Answer:
(1) Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of “democratic and social republics” as he called them.
(2) The main features of the first print of the series were as mentioned below :
It shows men and women of all ages of Europe and America offering homage to the statue of Liberty.
Liberty was personified as a female figure with the Torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of Rights of Man in the other.
In the foreground are the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.
Procession is led by USA and Switzerland who were already nation states. Other people are following them.
From heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon the scene to symbolise fraternity among the nations of the world.
In Sorrieu’s uptopian vision, the peoples of the world were grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume. Thus,many issues have been visualised by Sorrieu in his prints but it is vision that can be realised.
Q3. When did industrialisation begin in Europe ? What were its consequences ?
Answer:
(1) Industrialisation : Industrialisation had begun in England in the second-half of the ’ eighteenth century. However, it took place in France and parts of the German states during the nineteenth century.
(2) Its consequences were as mentioned below :
Growth of towns : Emergence of commercial classes – there was growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes in Western and some parts of Eastern Europe. This was due to the growth of industrial production and trade. The existence of commercial classes was based on production for the market.
A new working class and middle classes consisting of industrialists, businessmen, professionals came into existence. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
Q4.What do you understand by Liberalism ? Describe their ideas in the political, social and economic spheres.
Answer:
(1) The term ‘liberalism’ is derived from the Latin word liber, meaning free. Thus, for the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before “law.
(2) Political and economic ideas supported by the liberals were as given below :
(1) Political ideas :
It emphasised the concept of government by consent.
Since the French Revolution, liberalism stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament.
They did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.
In revolutionary France, which was the first example of liberal democracy, the right to vote and election was exclusively granted to property-owning men. Men without property and women were not granted political rights. Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries there were movements demanding equal political rights.
(2) Economic ideas : They supported freedom of markets and the abolition of state- imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the 19th century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.
Q5. What was zollverein ? Why was it introduced ? Describe its advantages ?
Answer:
(1) Zollverein was a custom union that was formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German States.
(2) Causes of introduction of zollverein : In the first half of the nineteenth century there were countless small principalities in the German-speaking region. Napoleon had created a confederation of 39 states.
This confederation had many drawbacks as mentioned below :
Each had its own currency, weights and measures.
From Hamburg to Nuremberg there were 11 custom barriers.
Traders had to pay a custom duty at each barrier.
Duty was paid according to weight or measurement, so there was a lot of problem in calculation.
The above conditions were an obstacle to economic growth. Traders and new commercial classes wanted movement of goods without any hindrance. So in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia zollverein was formed.
(3) Advantages :
It was formed for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
A network of railways was created which increased mobility harnessing economic interests to national unification.
Industry grew due to free trade.
Q6.Why was the decade of 1830s known as the great economic hardship in Europe ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe due to the following reasons :
There was enormous increase in population all over Europe.
There were more seekers of jobs than employment.
People migrated from rural areas to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
There was stiff competition between the products of small producers and products imported from England where goods were made by machines as industrialisation had already taken place there.
Peasants’ condition was bad due to burden of feudal dues and obligations.
The prices of food had risen due to bad harvest. This had resulted in widespread pauperism in town and country.
Q7.How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe ?
Answer:
The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe in the following ways :
It was not the result of wars as was in Germany but a long drawn out process.
Different ethnic groups – English, Welsh, Scot and Irish had their own cultural and political traditions. But the English nation, in course of time, was able to extend it’s influence over the other nations of the islands due to her wealth, importance and power.
As a result of Glorious Revolution in 168874,he English Parliament was the instrument through which a nation state with England as its center, came to be forged.
The Act of Union (1707) formed ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. As the majority of the members of British Parliament were English members, a policy of repression was followed against catholic clans of Scottish Highlands.
In Ireland too similar policy was followed. There were Catholics as well as Protestants. Catholic revolts were suppressed and ultimately in 1801, Ireland was incorporated into the United Kingdom.
A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain – the British Flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Q8.What was the area of the Balkans ? Why was it the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871? What was its result ?
Answer:
(1) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs.
(2) Causes for being the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe in 1871 were as mentioned below :
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. However, with the weakening and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, the nationalist tensions emerged in the area. Its European subject nationalities broke away and declared their independence.
The people of the Balkans argued that they were once independent before the foreign powers controlled them. So their object was to regain their lost independence.
Nationalist tensions emerged due to rivalries of the European powers i.e., Russia, England, Germany, Austria-Hungary. All of these powers wanted to have their control due to one reason or the other.
Rivalries among the Balkan states — The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each one of them wanted to extend her territory at the expense of the others.
(3) Results : Rivalries of the European powers and among the Balkan states led to a series
of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
Q9. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century in Europe? Analyse.
Answer:
In the 19th century in Europe, the female figures became an allegory of the nation in the following ways.
The artists, in the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe, wanted to represent a country, as if it was a person. In other words, they wanted to personify the nation. Nations were represented as female figures. The female form did not belong to any particular woman in real life. It was an abstract idea, which gave the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of a nation.
In France, the female form was given the name of Marianne, which represented the nation. Her characteristics were red cap, the tricolour and the cockade, drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic.
Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves because oak stands for heroism.
Q10. Culture had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways.
Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk.
Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists.
Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the German spirit against the domination of the French.
Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurki became national symbols.
Q11. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments.
Answer:
Napoleon declared himself the emperor of France and destroyed democracy. In the administrative field, he incorporated revolutionary principles, which were as follows.
The Civil Code of 1804, also known as Napoleonic Code, abolished all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and gave the right to property.
The code which was introduced in the regions under French control, like Italy, Germany, Switzerland, simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues,
In towns guild restrictions came to an end.
Uniform weights and measures were adopted. A common national currency helped in the movement of goods and capital from one region to another.
Transport and communication systems were improved.
Q12. ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe’. Analyse the statement with examples.
Answer:
Towards the end of the 19th century, nationalism became a narrow belief with inadequate ends.
This period saw nationalist groups becoming increasingly prejudiced of each other and ready to wage a war at the slightest of the pretext.
Nationalism was now identified with increasing one’s sphere of influence, by establishing control over more territories. Balkan states became jealous of each other and entered into a conflict to establish more control and power in the region at the cost of others.
The chief European authorities saw this as an opportunity and manipulated the nationalist desires of the subject peoples. ‘
European powers were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans. They did nothing serious to solve the Balkan issue rather watched the situation to turn fruitful for them.The most severe tensions emerge after 1871, leading to a series of wars and ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.
Q13. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
Answer:
The Process of unification of Germany:
By 1848, the popular effort of political associations failed in installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany.
The Failure of Frankfurt Parliament made it clear that German unification had to come through the combined effort of monarchy and army supported by large landowners.
From 1848, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement of national unification.
In this process Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, proved to be the main architect.
Bismarck reached his goal with the help of Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars in seven years with Austria, Denmark and France which ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of German unification.
Q14. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Answer:
During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of
which only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by Italian princely house.
Mazzini, a great revolutionary leader of Italy, inspired the youth with the ideas of establishing a single unified Italy. He set up secret societies like Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne with like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and German states.
Mazzini prepared the ground for Cavour to complete the process of unification.
After a series of failures of Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unifying Italy through wars.
Cavour, the Chief Minister, through his tactful diplomatic alliance with France, defeated Austrian forces in 1859.
Under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 along with the Kingdom of two Sicilies and won the support of local peasants and drove the Spanish away, thus unifying Italy in 1861. Victor Emmanuel II was made the King of united Italy.
Q15. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after 1815. Explain with examples.
Answer:
After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 when conservative regimes were restored to power, many liberal minded people went underground because of the fear of repression. Secret societies sprang up in European states to train the revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
Many revolutionaries opposed monarchial rule and fought for liberty and freedom of their respective states.
One such revolutionary was Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian patriot, was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He became the member of a secret society carbonari.
He founded two underground socities, first Young Italy in Marseilles and the other Young Europe in Berne. The society had members from Poland, France, Italy, Germany, etc. The members believed in the formation of nation states and they were liberal minded people.
Following the example of Italy, secret societies were set up in Germany, France Switzerland, Poland. Mazzini’s vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Q16. Explain any four changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna(1815).
Answer:
Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by collective European powers i.e. Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The representatives of European powers drew up the Treaty of Vienna at a congress hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich with the objective of undoing the changes that had come about the Europe during the Napoleonic wars. Following changes were brought about in Europe by this treaty:
The Bourbon dynasty that was destroyed during the French Revolution was restored. French lost the territories it has annexed under Napoleon.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
The Netherlands which included Belgium was set up in the north. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control of northern Italy.
The German confederation of 39 states set up by Napoleon was left untouched. Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia was given part of Saxony.
Monarchy was restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.
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