Tuesday, 20 July 2021

FRENCH LESSON 6 NOTES

 

                                        6. chacun a ses goûts

Grammaire – Les pronoms démonstratifs – they avoid the repetion of the same noun in a sentence. They can be translated as  ‘this one/this/that/these ones/the one/the ones.

They can be used while comparing two similar things so many times comparatif sentence is used.

                                Les Formes Simples

1)    Celui – for masc.sing. noun

e.g. Le bureau de mon mari est plus loin que celui de mon frère. (The office of my husband is farther than that of my brother.

2)    Celle – for fem.sing. noun

e.g. La femme que tu va épouser est celle qui a deux enfants. (The woman to whom you are going to get married is the one who has two children.)

3)    Ceux – for masc.plural noun

e.g. Je n’aime pas ce type de films, j’aime ceux d’aventure. (I don’t like these type of films, I like the ones of adventure.)

4)    Celles – for fem.sing. noun

e.g.Les robes de Rosie sont plus jolies que celles de Pauline.

         Les formes Composés

1)    Celui-ci – this one                                  celui-là – that one

2)    Celle-ci – this one                                   celle-là – that one

3)    Ceux-ci – these ones                             ceux-là – those ones

4)    Celles-ci – these ones                            celles-là – those ones

Remember the following

1)    When there is a RELATIVE PRONOUN or a PREPOSITION after the blank, useLes formes simples. (celui/celle/ceux/celles)

2)    When there is a VERB after the blank, use les formes composés)

3)    When the blank is AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE use les formes composés.

4)    With les formes composés two types of sentences can be framed.

a)     Cette église-ci est plus grande que celle-là.

b)    Il y a deux livres. Celui-ci est plus gros que celui-là.

c)     Il y a trois livres. Ceux-ci sont plus gros que celui-là.

    Les Formes Neutre

They are used when you point out something but you don’t name it specifically. They represent indefinite idea or thing.

1)    Ceci – this

Ne mange pas ceci! – (don’t eat this)

2)    Cela – that - indicates the object at a distance.

Donne – moi cela! – (give me that)

3)    Ça – that (used in oral french)

Ça me plaît – (It/That pleases me)

4)    Ce/c’- this/that used with être conjugation

C’est mon ami. – (This is my friend.)

Ce sont mes livres. (these are my books.)

5)    Ce is also used when there is a relative pronoun after the blank.

e.g. c’est tout ce qui me reste. (That’s all that I have)

 

 

Avoir envie de/ça te dit de + infinitif – to feel like doing

Conjugation of peindre – to paint

Je peins

Tu peins

Il/elle/on peint

Nous peignons

Vous peignez

Ils/elles peignent

Culture and civilization –

·       Faire du jardinage/ cultiver le jardin

1)    Semer les grains des fleurs – to sow the seeds

2)    Planter des bulbes – to plant the bulbs

3)    Tailler les rosiers – to shape the rose plants

4)    Arroser le jardin – to water the garden

·       Information of Le Louvre –

Autrefois le palais de rois, le château médieval

Maintenant le musée depuis deux siècles

L’histoire plus de 800 ans

Installé sur 40 hectares en plein cœur de Paris sur la rive droite de la Seine

L’un des plus grands musées du monde et le plus grand de Paris

Environ 6000 peintures des artistes comme Renoir, Van Gogh, Leonardo da Vinci

Une grande pyramide aucentre de la  cour Napoléon architect – Sino américain – leoh Ming Pei

Environ 9 millions visiteurs par an

·       Les tâches ménagères

Faire la cuisine – to do cooking

Faire de la lessive – to do washing

Faire la vaisselle – to wash utensils

Faire les courses – to do shopping

Faire le ménage – to do household work

·       Être débarrasser de  - to get rid of

·       Se détendre – to relax

·       Les loisirs pour se détendre

              Dehors

      Chez lui/ à la maison

Aller au cinéma

Faire la lecture – to do reading

Aller au théâtre

Ecouter de la musique

Visiter un musée

Regarder un film/ la télévision

Faire du sport

Jouer de la musique

Regarder un spectacle

Faire le jardinage

·       Le théâtre - où l’on représante une pièce

·       Le cinéma – une salle où l’on projette un film


FRENCH LESSON 5 NOTES

 

5. Les Médias

Grammaire –

                                          Le pronom ‘en’

1.     It is used to replace nouns with partitive articles.

e.g. Il mange des escargots. – Il en mange. (he eats it.)

        Elle boit du lait. ----------- Elle en boit. (She drinks it)

2.     It is used to replace number adjectives.

e.g. J’ai quatre stylos. ----- J’en ai. (I have them/it.)

3.     It is used to replace nouns with les adjectifs de quantité

e.g. Tu prends beaucoup de vin.

Tu en prends beaucoup. ( you drink it a lot)

4.      It is used to replace ‘de/d’/du/des/de la + name of a place/city/country’

e.g. Ils viennent des Etats- Unis. --- Ils en viennent.

        Je viens de la piscine.  ------ J’en viens.

5.     In negation --- Il n’en mange pas.

                          Elle n’en boit pas.

                          Je n’en ai pas.

                           Tu n’en prends pas beaucoup.

                            Je n’en viens pas.

                              Le pronom ‘y’

1.     It is used to replace à/sur/chez/dans/sous (preposition of place) + the name of a place

e.g. Il va à l’école.   ----Il y va.

        Je vais chez lui. ---- J’y vais.

2.     It is used to replace preposition à + noun

e.g. Tu penses à tes examens. ----- Tu y penses.

 

Culture and civilization

·        Zapper – passer d’une chaîne d’autre de la télévision

·        Names of TV chanels – TV5 – les informations

                                           ARTE –le reportage culturel

                                           Canal+ - les sports/ les films etc.

                                           France 2, TF1, Paris Première

·        Radio stations in France – Europe 1, RF1, France Musique Radio

·        Un journal – un quotidien (daily) – publié tous les jours e.g. Le Monde, Le Figaro, The Times of India

·        Un Hebdomadaire – publié par semaine – e.g. l’Express

·        Un mensuel – publié par mois – e.g. Readers’ Digest

·        L’hebdomadire and le mensuel are also known as magazines, the difference is in their publishing times.

·        Une revue -  review –e.g. Le français dans le monde

·         

 

 

 

 


Friday, 2 July 2021

FEDERALISM

 PPT

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1H03mZ-rkj6jQwGC4MbOriEvLtbZcGz4e/view?usp=drivesdk


 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 


CLASS X: FEDERALISM NOTES


1. Which type of government has two or more levels?
Federal Government.

2. The subject of Computer Software comes under which list?
Residuary List.

3. Give an example of a country which is an example of coming together federation.
The USA is an example of coming together federation.

4. Which subjects falls under the concurrent list?
Marriage, education, forest, trade unions, adoption and succession.


5. Which subjects are included in the State list?
Agriculture, police, public health, land.

6. Which groups of countries are an example of holding together federation?
India, Spain and Belgium.

7. In case of any dispute about the division of powers who can make a decision?
The High Court and the Supreme Court can make a decision.

8. What are the basic objectives of a federal system?
To safeguard and promote unity of the country and to accommodate regional diversity.

9. Whose laws prevail if there is conflict between the State Government and Central Government on the subjects of the Concurrent List?
The laws made by the Union Government.


10. Which level of Government in India has the power to legislate on the 'residuary' subjects?
The Union Government has the power to legislate on the residuary subjects.


Short Answer Questions (SAQs):

1. “India has a large cultural, regional and religious diversity but there is unity among people”. What factors are responsible for this? Elaborate.
Factors which are responsible for this are:

• Right to equality.
• No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed region or religion.
• SCs & STs have some seats reserved and do get representation.
• Right to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.

2. Explain the factors that make federal government in India so attractive.
• Mobilization.
• Administrative knowledge of the people at all the levels.
• Efficacy to solve all kinds of issues at respective levels.

3. Highlight any three steps taken by India towards making it a federation.
• Reorganization of states on linguistic basis.
• Centre state relations.
• Decentralisation or any other relevant point.

4. What is the special status the state of Jammu and Kashmir enjoys?
Jammu and Kashmir enjoys a special status. It has its own Constitution. Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this State without the approval of the State Assembly. Indians who are not permanent residents of this State cannot buy land or house here.



Long Answer Questions (LAQs):

1. Explain five changes towards decentralization brought in the Constitution after the Amendments made in 1992.
• Decentralization: When power is taken from central and state governments and is given to local government, it is called decentralization. The Constitution was amended in 1992 to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

• Provisions of the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 are:
(i) Now it is mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.
(ii) Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for SCs, STs and OBCs.
(iii) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women.
(iv) An independent institution called State Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct panchayat and municipal elections.
(v) The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

2. Is it right to say that India is federal country but the word federalism is not used anywhere in the constitution? Explain.
• India had emerged as an independent nation after a painful and bloody partition.
• Soon after independence several princely states become a part of the country.
• The constitution declared India as a Union of States.
• Although it did not use the word federation, the Indian Union is based on the principles of federalism.
• India is fulfilling all the requirements which are required for a federal country.




3. What is the rationale for decentralization of power? Explain the structure of Rural local government in India.
The basic idea behind decentralization:
• Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level because people have better knowledge of their local problems.
• It helps in promoting direct participation.

Structure of Rural Local Government:
• Zila Parishad: All the mandals in a district together constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of the members are elected and headed by a chairperson.
• Panchayat Samiti or Mandal or Block: The members of this body are elected by the entire panchayat members in that area. A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form this government body.
• Gram Panchayat: A council consisting of several ward members often called Panch. The president is called sarpanch. It is the decision-making body for the entire village.