CH-1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS - NOTES
Sunday, 18 April 2021
Friday, 16 April 2021
Thursday, 15 April 2021
अनुच्छेद लेखन
अनुच्छेद लिखते समय निम्नलिखित बातों को ध्यान में रखना चाहिए -
1) अनुच्छेद लिखने से पहले रूपरेखा, संकेत-बिंदु आदि बनानी चाहिए। (कुछ प्रश्न-पत्रों में पहले से ही रूपरेखा, संकेत-बिंदु आदि दिए जाते हैं। आपको उन्हीं रूपरेखा, संकेत-बिंदु आदि को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनुच्छेद लिखना होता है।)
(2) अनुच्छेद में विषय के किसी एक ही पक्ष का वर्णन करें। (ऐसा इसलिए करना आवश्यक हो जाता है क्योंकि अनुच्छेद में शब्द सिमित होते हैं और हमें अनुच्छेद संक्षेप में लिखना होता है।)
(3) भाषा सरल, स्पष्ट और प्रभावशाली होनी चाहिए। ताकि समीक्षक या पढ़ने वाला आपके अनुच्छेद से प्रभावित हो सके।
(4) एक ही बात को बार-बार न दोहराएँ। क्योंकि एक ही बात को बार-बार दोहराने से आप अपने अनुच्छेद को दिए गए सीमित शब्दों में पूरा नहीं कर पाएँगे और अपने संदेश को लोगों तक नहीं पहुँचा पाएँगे।
(5) अनावश्यक विस्तार से बचें, लेकिन विषय से न हटें। आपको भले ही संक्षेप में अपने अनुच्छेद को पूरा करना है, परन्तु आपको ये भी ध्यान रखना है कि आप अपने विषय से न भटक जाएँ।
(6) शब्द-सीमा को ध्यान में रखकर ही अनुच्छेद लिखें। ऐसा करने से आप अपने अनुच्छेद में ज्यादा-से-ज्यादा महत्वपूर्ण बात लिखने की ओर ध्यान दे पाएँगे।
(7) पूरे अनुच्छेद में एकरूपता होनी चाहिए। ऐसा नहीं होना चाहिए कि कही कोई बात विषय से अलग लगे और पढ़ने वाले का ध्यान विषय से भटक जाए।
(8) विषय से संबंधित सूक्ति अथवा कविता की पंक्तियों का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। इससे आपका अनुच्छेद बहुत अधिक प्रभावशाली और रोचक लगेगा।
(9) अनुच्छेद के अंत में निष्कर्ष समझ में आ जाना चाहिए यानी विषय समझ में आ जाना चाहिए।
अनुच्छेद की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ -
(1) अनुच्छेद किसी एक भाव या विचार या तथ्य को एक बार, एक ही स्थान पर व्यक्त करता है। इसमें अन्य विचार नहीं रहते।
(2) अनुच्छेद के वाक्य-समूह में उद्देश्य की एकता रहती है। अप्रासंगिक बातों को हटा दिया जाता है। केवल बहुत अधिक महत्वपूर्ण बातों को ही अनुच्छेद में रखा जाता है।
(3) अनुच्छेद के सभी वाक्य एक-दूसरे से गठित और सम्बद्ध होते है। वाक्य छोटे तथा एक दुसरे से जुड़े होते हैं।
(4) अनुच्छेद एक स्वतन्त्र और पूर्ण रचना है, जिसका कोई भी वाक्य अनावश्यक नहीं होता।
(5) उच्च कोटि के अनुच्छेद-लेखन में विचारों को इस क्रम में रखा जाता है कि उनका आरम्भ, मध्य और अन्त आसानी से व्यक्त हो जाए और किसी को भी समझने में कोई परेशानी न हो।
(6) अनुच्छेद सामान्यतः छोटा होता है, किन्तु इसकी लघुता या विस्तार विषयवस्तु पर निर्भर करता है। लेखन के संकेत बिंदु के आधार पर विषय का क्रम तैयार करना चाहिए।
(7) अनुच्छेद की भाषा सरल और स्पष्ट होनी चाहिए।
.निम्न में से किसी एक विषय पर अनुच्छेद लिखिए-
1.जीवन में खेलकूद का महत्व (कक्षा-कार्य)
2.समय का सदुपयोग (गृहकार्य)
3.व्यायाम (गृहकार्य)
DUST OF SNOW BY ROBERT FROST
Dust of Snow Question and Answers
Q1. What is a “dust of snow”? What does the poet say has changed his
mood? How has the poet’s mood changed?
A. “Dust of snow”
refers to the tiny particles of snow. The particles are so small that poet
referred to them as “dust”. The poet was in an awful mood when particles of
snow had fallen on him. This changed the poet’s frame of mind instantly and his
day got a lot better.
Q 2. How does Frost present nature in this poem? The following questions may
help you to think of an answer.
(i) What are the birds that are usually named in poems? Do you
think a crow is often mentioned in poems? What images come to your mind when
you think of a crow?
A. Birds like sparrow, nightingale and peacock are more than often
named in poems. Unlike these birds, crows are often seen as the indicators of
doom and fear. They are often used for negative references.
(ii) Again, what is “a
hemlock tree”? Why doesn’t the poet write about a more ‘beautiful’ tree such as
a maple, or an oak, or a pine?
A. Trees are also seen as mighty creatures imparting wisdom as
they’re too old. They give out oxygen and absorb the carbon dioxide which is
connected with absorbing all the negative energy. But there are trees that are
poisonous too, like a hemlock tree. The poet does not mention a more
‘beautiful’ tree such as maple, oak or pine because he wants to indicate a sad
scene. Being poisonous, a hemlock tree is considered bad and so, he refers to
it.
(iii) What do the ‘crow’
and ‘hemlock’ represent — joy or sorrow? What does the dust of snow that the
crow shakes off a hemlock tree stand for?
A. Both crow and the hemlock tree represent sorrow. Frost has used
both the negative creatures (crow and the hemlock tree) as the carriers of
positivism and strength that transformed his day for the better. By not using
birds like sparrow and nightingale and trees like maple, oak or a pine, the
poet has tried to break down all the preconceived notions we have about
certain agents of nature. He has tried to make us understand that we see the
world not as how it is, but as how we want to see it. Thus, the crow sitting
and a hemlock tree together made his day better. The dust of snow stands
for joy.
TRIUMPH OF SURGERY
Triumph Of Surgery
Notebook work
Q1. Answer the following questions in about 30-40 words.
(a) What kind of treatment was given to Tricki? Did it help in his recovery?
Ans) Tricki was given a non-medicinal treatment. His diet regimen was altered
depending upon his body’s response to it. He was kept on liquid diet for the first
two days and then his diet was gradually increased. Yes, this treatment did help
Tricki as it built up energy in him. He was transformed to an energetic, hard-
muscled dog in just a fortnight.
(b) What ‘little extras’ did Mrs Pumphrey start to give Tricki and why?
Ans) Mrs Pumphrey thought that Tricki was suffering from malnutrition, as he was
weak and listless. So, she started to give him extra snacks like cod-liver oil and
malt between the main meals and Horlicks after dinner to make him stronger.
She also continued his cream cakes and chocolates.
(c) Why does Mrs Pumphrey think the dog’s recovery is ‘a triumph of surgery’?
Ans) Mrs Pumphrey thought that the dog’s recovery was ‘a triumph of surgery’
because in two weeks, Tricki had recovered completely and had been
transformed into a hard muscled animal. She declared Tricki’s recovery as a
triumph of surgery to express her happiness and gratitude towards the doctor.
Q2. Answer the following questions in about 100-120 words.
(a) Mrs Pumphrey’s love for Tricki did more harm than good.
Ans) Mrs Pumphrey was a rich woman who loved her dog very much. She loved to live
a comfortable and lavish life and also wanted her dog to spend a similar one. She
had maintained a wardrobe full of fancy fur coats, dresses, beds etc for Tricki.
Apart from this, she used to overfeed Tricki out of her love and concern.
She did not realise that Tricki was a greedy dog and the food that she was giving
him was making him fat and lethargic, affecting his health.
She gave him cod-liver oil and malt between the main meals and Horlicks after
dinner to give him strength.
Her overfeeding worsened Tricki’s condition to such an extent that the good vet
had to take the dog away from her to a hospital. Even in the hospital she
continued to shower her love by sending eggs, wine and brandy for building
Tricki’s strength.
(b) Write the character sketch of Dr. James Herriot.
Ans) Dr Herriot was a capable veterinary surgeon who treated Tricki. He was a very
compassionate doctor and a wise and sympathetic human being. He showed his
capabilities almost immediately when he advised Mrs Pumphrey to put Tricki on
a strict diet after understanding his symptoms. He can also be said to be an
understanding and tactful person as he knew exactly how to free Tricki from Mrs
Pumphrey’s ‘love’ for his betterment. He does not operate upon the poor dog
unnecessarily and adopts a practical approach to treat him. The doctor was a
caring and polite individual as he successfully and patiently allays Mrs
Pumphrey’s anxiety about Tricki’s recovery. He was in all a good human being
and a successful profession
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