Q & A OF CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

1.       Give the general formula of alkane, alkene, and alkyne.

Ans:   C_nH_2n+2,   C_nH_2n, C_nH_2n-2  respectively.

2.     Classify the following compounds as alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.

    C₂H_4,     C₃H₄, C₄H₈, C₅H₁₂,  C₅H₈,  C₃H₈, C₆H₆

ANS : alkanes – C₅H_12, ,  C₃H₈

Alkenes – C₂H₄, C₄H_8,

Alkynes – C₃H₄, C₅H₈

3.     Name the simplest hydrocarbon and give its formula.

Ans: Methane CH₄

4     4. Amongst C₂H₄  and C₂H₆ ,which is more reactive? Why?

Ans: Amongst C₂H₄  and C₂H₆, C₂H₄ is more reactive, as it is a unsaturated

Hydrocarbon and contains a reactive site (double bond) in it.

   5. Why carbon forms compounds by sharing of electrons and not by formation of ions?

Ans: carbon is tetravalent in nature. If it gains 4 electrons to form C^4- ions, then it will be difficult for 6 electrons to hold on to 10 electrons while formation of C⁴⁺ ions. i.e. loss of 4 electrons requires considerable amount of energy. Hence, it forms bond by sharing of electrons.

66.      Give reasons for the formation of large number of compounds by carbon.

Ans: carbon forms large number of compounds due to the following properties:

a.     CATENATION: due to this property, it can link to other carbon atoms to form straight chain, branched chain and ring structure.

b.     TETRAVALENCY: Due to its tetravalent nature, it can form bond with four atoms of carbon or some other elements.

  77. Give an important difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Ans: In a saturated hydrocarbon all the carbon atoms in a compound are linked to other carbon atoms by single covalent bonds while in an unsaturated hydrocarbons, there is a presence of a double / triple covalent bond between the carbon atoms. E.g.ethane is a saturated hydrocarbon ethene is a unsaturated hydrocarbon.

 8.   What is structural isomerism? Give examples.

Ans;  The phenomenon of existence of compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula is called structural isomerism, e.g. Butane has two structural isomers.

Iso butane and 2-methyl propane (IUPAC name)are the same.

NOTE: isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or more carbon atoms.

No isomerism is possible in methane, ethane and propane because they contain only one, two or three carbon atoms.

 9.    How many structural isomers are possible for pentane? Draw the structural formulae of all the possible isomers of pentane. Give their IUPAC names also.

Ans: the molecular formula of pentane is C₅H₁₂.

It has 5 carbon atoms

.i.  First write all the 5 C atoms in a straight chain. this is called as n-pentane.

ii. Next write  4 C atoms in a straight chain and 1 C atom in the side chain.

iii. Next write  3 C atoms in a straight chain and 2 C atom in two side     chain.

 10.                         Pure ethanoic acid is also called glacial acetic acid. Why?

ANS: Ethanoic acid has a low melting point of 290 K. thus, in cold weather ethanoic acid freezes to form glacier like crys tals. That is why Pure ethanoic acid is also called glacial acetic acid.

1

111.                      1 ml of glacial acetic acid and 1 ml of ethanol are mixed together in a test tube. Few deops of con. Sulphuric acid is added in the mixture and warmed in a water bath for 5 minutes.

a.     Name the resultant compound formed.

b.     Represent the above change by a chemical equation.

c.      What term is given to such reaction?

d.     What is the special characteristics of the compound formed?

e.     Give one important use of the compound formed.

ANS:

a.     The resulting compound formed is ester ( ethyl acetate). The IUPAC name this ester is ethyl ethanoate.

b.      

                                          Con. H₂SO₄                      

C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH -------------------à CH₃COO C₂H₅   + H₂O

                                                               ∆   

c.      Esterification

d.     The compound formed has a sweet smell.

e.     Esters formed is used in making perfumes and as a flavouring agent. 

112.    What is saponification?

Ans: the alkaline electrolysis of esters (using alkali like sodium hydroxide) is known as saponification. This is because of the fact that this reaction is used  for the preparation of soap.

When an ester is heated with NaOH solution then the ester gets hydrolysed (breaks down) to form the parent alcohol and sodium salt of the  Carboxylic acid.

For e.g. when ethyl ethanoate ester is boiled with NaOH solution, then sodium ethanoate and ethanol are produced.

                                                       Heat

 CH₃COOC₂H₅   +  NaOH   ------------------à CH₃COONa       +       C₂H₅OH

 ethyl ethanoate                                           sodium ethanoate     Ethanol 

 (Ethyl acetate)

     13.. Write the structural formulae of  isomers of hexane.

14.                        Write the structural formulae of  isomers of butane. Also give their IUPAC names.

115.                        Give IUPAC names of the following compounds.

 ANS: PROPANONE

b.     Give IUPAC names of the following compound.

ANS: BUTANOIC ACID

c. 

  

ANS: PROPENE

d.

ANS : BROMO BUTANE

e. ETHANOL

 16.      Draw the structures of the following compounds.

a.   ETHANOIC ACID

b.  BROMO PENTANE

c.  BUTANON

d.   HEXANA

e.  BENZENE

a.     ANS: 

b . ANS: 

c.      ANS

d.     Ans

e.     Ans

 17.   Show the  bond formation in the following chemical compounds using electron dot structures. Indicate the type of bonding.

a. Ammonia

N – 2,5             H – 1 

 

TYPE OF BONDING: Covalent bonding

 b. METHANE

 

TYPE OF BONDING: Covalent bonding

 c.     CARBON DI OXIDE

 

 

TYPE OF BONDING: Covalent bonding

 d.    HYDROGEN CHLORIDE 

                                        

                                                              TYPE OF BONDING: Covalent bonding

 18.             Draw the electron dot structures of the following compounds. Also  give their molecular formula.

a.     ETHANE

₆C – 2, 4             ₁  H  - 1

Molecular formula  ; C₂H₆

119.  Why the compounds formed by carbon are exceptionally stable?

Ans: the stability of carbon compounds is attributed to the small size of carbon atom. Due to the small size of the carbon atom, the nucleus holds the shared pair of electron more effectively. Thus, making the bond stro

 20.    What do you mean by the term ‘homologous series’?

Ans: A series of compounds having same functional group similar chemical properties and the successive members of which differ by –CH₂ unit is called homologous series.

221.        List some important characteristics of ‘homologous series’.

Ans:  The  important characteristics of ‘homologous series’ are:

_a.               The adjacent members of homologous series differ by -CH₂  unit.

_b.               The molecular mass of any two successive member differ by 14 u.

c.       All the members of the series have same chemical properties and show regular gradation in their physical properties.

d.      All the members of the series have same functional group and can be represented by a general formula.

222.                        Define the term ‘functional group’.

Ans:  an atom or group of atoms that is the site of reactivity in the organic compound and largely determines the properties of an organic compound is called functional group.

223..                         What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?

Ans: The reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen across an unsaturated hydrocarbon (double/triple bond) in the presence of nickel catalyst is called hydrogenation.

Industrial application: Hydrogenation of vegetable oils in the presence of nickel catalyst converts them to Vanaspati ghee.

224..                        Two carbon compounds A and b have the molecular formula C₃H₈ and C₃H₆ respectively. Which one of the two is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer. Explain with the help of chemical equation, how an addition reaction is useful in vegetable ghee industry.

Ans: unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reaction. Since C₃H₆

Is an alkene i.e. an unsaturated hydrocarbon it would undergo addition reaction.

Unsaturated hydrocarbon       saturated fat

On adding hydrogen to an alkene in the presence of nickel catalyst , the addition of hydrogen takes place across the double bond and forms saturated fat called vanaspati ghee.

225..                       Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

Ans; A soap molecule is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain carboxylic acid. It consists of two parts i.e., a long hydrocarbon tail and a negatively charged head. The hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic i.e. insoluble in water and repelled by water while the polar end is soluble in water and hydrophilic in nature.

   

          When soap is applied on a wet dirty surface, the polar end of the soap molecule dissolves in water while the non polar tail attaches it to dirt molecule, as dirt is non-polar in nature.

This results into the formation of spherical clusters called MICELLE. In the micelle the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster while the ionic ends are on the surface of cluster.

Due to ion-ion repulsion, the micelle stay in the solution as a colloid and don’t come together as precipitate. Thus, an emulsion is found which helps to dissolve dirt in water and it is finally washed with running water.

226.      Under what conditions can a saturated hydrocarbon produce  a sooty flame? Explain.

Ans: a saturated hydrocarbon produce  a sooty flame only when burnt in limited supply of oxygen. Due to the limited supply of oxygen, the incomplete combustion of the hydrocarbon takes place resulting in unburnt carbon producing sooty flame.

227.         Why gas/kerosene stoves used at home at holes at the bottom?

The bottom of the cooking vessels often gets blackened on heating. Give reason for blackening of cooking vessels.

Ans: . The gas/kerosene stoves are provided with air inlets so that oxygen rich mixture is burnt for the complete combustion and thus it produces a clean flame.

If the air holes of the gas stove gets blocked, then incomplete combustion of the fuel takes place due to limited supply of oxygen. This leads to the formation of soot that deposits on the vessel and thus get blackened.

228. a . Name the catalyst required for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils to vanaspati ghee.

b.     Name the product formed by the addition of hydrogen to ethane. Also write the chemical equation.

c.      Why do we prefer vegetable oils to animal fats for cooking purposes?

ANS:

a.     Nickel

b.     On addition of hydrogen to ethane, ethane is formed.

       H₂C =CH₂       +  H₂  ----------àH₃C – CH₃

          Ethene                                         ethane

c.      Vegetable oils are preferred to animal fats as they consist of unsaturated fatty acids, which are good for health.

229.  A carbon  compound ‘X ’ is an active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks and is a good solvent.

a.     Name the compound ‘X’.

b.     Write your observation when the compound ‘X’ is made to react with compound ‘Y’ which is used as a preservative for pickles.

c.      Write the chemical equation to represent the above change

.

ANS:

a.     Ethanol

b.     ‘Y’ is vinegar which is dilute solution of ethanoic acid. On adding ‘X’ to ‘Y’ a sweet smelling compound ester is formed.

c.                                                Con. H₂SO₄                     

C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH -------------------à CH₃COO C₂H₅   + H₂O

                                                               ∆  

      

330.    Give the molecular  formula and IUPAC names of the following compounds.

a.     An alkyne containing 3 carbon atoms

b.     An alcohol containing 3 carbon atoms

c.      An aldehyde containing 3 carbon atoms

d.     Simplest ketone

e.     An  alcohol used in cough syrup

f.       A carboxylic acid used as a preservative

g.     A saturated hydrocarbon containing 5 carbon atoms

h.     A cyclehexane containing 5 carbon atoms

ANS:

a.     Propyne                        C₃H₄

b.     Pentanol                        C₅H₁₁OH

c.      Propanal                         C₂H₅CHO

d.     Propanone                      CH₃COCH₃

e.     Ethanol                            C₂H₅OH

f.       Ethanoic acid                   CH₃COOH

g.     Pentane                           C₅H₁₂

h.     Cyclopentane                C₅H₁₀

note book work as hw for our environment

Write 7th question at the end after 6th. Start with 1st

answer the following questions


7)Explain human activities affect the environment


a) Depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere :-
Ozone molecule contains three oxygen atoms (O3). At higher levels in the atmosphere the UV radiation splits some oxygen molecules (O2) into free oxygen atoms which combines with oxygen molecules (O2) to form ozone. It is highly poisonous.
          UV radiation
O2 ---------------O + O
O2 + O -----------O3
The ozone layer present in the higher layer of the atmosphere protects the earth from the harmful UV radiation from the sun. UV radiation causes skin cancer in humans.
The ozone layer is being damaged by the use of chemicals like chloro fluoro carbons (CFCs) used in refrigerators and fire extinguishers. So the use of CFCs is now being reduced to protect the ozone layer

b. Managing the garbage we produce :-
The household waste is called garbage. Some of the garbage is biodegradable and some are non biodegradable. Garbage causes pollution of air, water and soil. So it should be disposed properly.
Some of the methods of garbage disposal are :-
i) Land fills
ii) Recycling
iii) Production of biogas and manure
iv) Preparation of compost
v) Incineration
vi) Sewage treatment

1. explain the Effect of adding waste to the environment


Ans ---Human activities produce a lot of waste materials which are thrown  away into the environment. These wastes cause
pollution of air, water and soil.

The waste materials produced are of two main types. They
are biodegradable wastes and non biodegradable wastes.
i) Biodegradable wastes :- are wastes which are
decomposed into harmless substances by microorganisms.
Eg :- vegetables, fruits, pulses, cereals, cotton, jute, wool,
wood, leather, paper, animal dung, animal bones etc.
ii) Non biodegradable wastes :- are wastes which are not
decomposed by microorganisms.
Eg :- polythene bags, plastics, synthetic fibres, glass,
metals, synthetic rubber, insecticides, pesticides etc.

2. Write a note on the ecosystem and its component

Ecosystem and its components :-
a) Ecosystem :- An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms in an
area along with the non living components and their interaction. There are different types of ecosystems. They are :-
i) Natural ecosystems :- like forests, deserts, grass lands, mountains, ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans etc.
ii) Artificial ecosystems :- like gardens, parks, crop fields, aquarium, zoo etc.

b) Components of an ecosystem :-
An ecosystem consists of two main components. They are biotic and abiotic components.
i) Biotic components :- are the living components like plants, animals and microorganisms. They consist of producers, consumers and decomposers.
Producers :- are green plants which produce food by photosynthesis.

Consumers :- are herbivores which get their food directly from plants, carnivores which get their food indirectly from plants and omnivores which get their food directly or indirectly from plants.

Decomposers :- are microorganisms which decompose dead plants and animals. They decompose complex organic substances into simple inorganic substances in the soil which are again used by plants.

ii) Abiotic components :- are the non living components like air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight , temperature, wind

3. Explain food chain and food web

3a) Food chain :-
A food chain is the flow of food energy from one organism to the next and to the next and so on. They usually start with a producer (plants) and end with a carnivore. In a food chain an organism gets food from one group of organisms.
eaten by eaten by
Eg:- Grass -----Deer ------------Lion
(producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer)
Grass------- Insects---------- Frog -------------------Snake
(producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer
Grass ----Moth----------------- Frog ---------------Snake ---------------Hawk
(producer) (primary consumer) (secondary consumer) (tertiary consumer) (quarternary consumer

b) Food web :-
Food web is a group of several interconnected food chains. In a food web an organism gets food from more than one group of organisms.


4. Explain trophic level

Trophic levels :-
Each step in a food chain where transfer of food energy takes place is called trophic level.
The first trophic level consists of producers.
The second trophic level consists of primary consumers.
The third trophic level consists of secondary consumers.
The fourth trophic level consists of tertiary consumers.
Since the transfer of food energy decreases at every trophic level, the number of trophic levels are limited and do not exceed four or five.

draw diagram from text book

5. Explain biomagnification

Biological magnification (Biomagnification) :-
Harmful chemicals like insecticides and pesticides which are used to protect crops from insects and pests are absorbed by plants and enter the food chain. Since these chemicals are non biodegradable, they get accumulated at every trophic level and their concentration increases. Since human beings occupy the highest trophic level, the concentration of these harmful chemicals is maximum in our bodies.
The increase in concentration of harmful chemicals in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels is called biological magnification.

6. Explain energy flow in an ecosystem


Energy flow in trophic levels :-
Green plants (producers) absorb about 1% of solar energy falling on the leaves and stores it as food energy during photosynthesis.
During the transfer of food energy from one trophic level to the next, 90% of the energy is lost to the environment and only 10% is transferred to the next trophic level. So there is a decrease in the amount of food energy transferred at every trophic level by 10%. This is known as the 10% law.


7.  

Preparation guide-Communicative English

Guidelines for preparation -English Communicative
1. In comprehension section  please  write your answers in complete sentences. Only for vocabulary questions-  just the answer word can be written.
2. In writing section  prepare formats of  1. Article writing 2. Story Writing 3. Letter to editor
3.Grammar Section- Practise - editing excercises, fill up excercises, unscrambling jumbled words
4.Literature+ Helen Keller- 1. Read your chapters thoroughly. 2. Take note of all important events in Helen Keller along with character sketches and significant messages from Helen's life.

Conti.......MODEL QUESTIONS FOR SA-1(MATHS)

Conti.......MODEL QUESTIONS FOR SA-1(MATHS)

          1.      State whether the given pair of linear equations are consistent or inconsistent:

a.      x + 2y = 4  and   3x - 7y =  9

b.      4x +  3y = 7 and  8x + 6y = 11

          2.      For a rectangle PQRS , D is a point on PQ such that SD makes an angle of 450 with PS.And                 PS= 15 cm, SR = 30 cm then find SD, PD and DQ.

          3. What will be the ratio of area of the triangles formed by joining mid points of the sides of the                   equilateral triangle? Prove it with the help of appropriate theorem.

          4.       Draw the graph of linear equations and find the area of region formed by

            The intersection of lines with X=0 line.

             X + Y = 8 and X- Y = 2    

           5.      Draw the graph of linear equations and find the area of the triangle   formed by them with Y-                    axis.

                  X + Y = 10 and X – Y = 4

           6.      PQR is a right angled triangle, and PRS is also a right angled triangle where 

                    Angle Q= angle R = 90⁰    , PQ = 6cm, QR= 8cm and RS= 5√5 cm  find PS.

           7.      PQR is a right angled triangle, and PRS is also a right angled triangle where Angle Q= angle                     R = 90⁰    then prove that PQ² + QR² +RS² = PS²

           8.      A Ladder is touches the window which is at the height 20feet from the ground. If the angle                 formed by the ladder with ground is  q , tanq= 4/3 ,find the length of the ladder , the distance of             the ladder from the building and value of q.

           9.      Prove that ratio of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their altitudes.

          10.      Prove that ratio of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their sides.

          11.       Solve the following pair of equations:

                    8/x-1    +   3/y-2    = 5     and    12/x-1  +    5/y-2   =  -2